Carbon Taxes - Nice Idea But They Won't Get The Job Done

Recently there has been renewed discussion in the US of using carbon taxes to reduce CO2 emissions. I should start by saying that of the various unilateral mechanisms this is probably the best idea. However if the goal is to solve the problem of atmospheric CO2 doubling this is a completely ineffective idea for a number of reasons. The first is that the amount of tax required would be far to high to be politically acceptable. The second is that even if that were accomplished in the US it would simply push energy consumption for manufacturing to other countries. Finally policies designed to keep that from happening are not practical.

As I stated a uniform tax is by far the best way to reduce CO2 output. It involves the least political meddling. It is easy to understand. And it would allow consumers and industrial users to make optimal choices about the best way to deal with the new circumstances. So if our goal is to reduce CO2 output by a modest amount over the coming decades then I vote for a carbon tax. But there is no way this will get close to getting the job done.

Assuming that we don't take any steps other than those that reduce CO2 output we need to reduce that output by at least eighty percent globally from current levels in the fairly near future. But putting off the global discussion for a moment we can take a look at what type of tax would be necessary to achieve an eighty percent reduction of CO2 output in the US alone.

The people proposing this seem to be ignoring the fact that there is already some limited experience with carbon taxes. The US and Europe have taxes on gasoline. Of course they are much higher in Europe. Also Europe has, since about 1999, implemented some limited forms of carbon taxes. A discussion of these taxes and the results can be found in the AR4 WG3. Specifically the taxes levels are discussed on page 481, and a discussion of the results can be found on page 756. The WG3 report can hardly be viewed as optimistic on the issue.

As an example in the UK a roughly 10-20% tax was placed on the industrial use of power from various sources. Even at that level there wasn't the political will to include all power users. The experience was similar in Germany where heavy users were exempted. In the case of the UK the estimate is that this reduced consumption by about 2%, which is a bit short of the 80% goal.

There has also been quite a bit of research on the price elasticity of energy. As one might expect the elasticity is pretty low. Even the recent experience of the massive increase in the price of oil showed that figures of -.20 might be high. (This would mean a .2% decrease in use for each 1% increase in the price.) Even using this figure the price of energy would have to quadruple in order to reduce the use by 80%. This would mean a tax rate of 300%. I'll hold my breath waiting for someone to propose that. You can take your pick of what tax rate would even be possible, but if one could be passed I am certain it will be nowhere near high enough to even move the needle more than say ten points. And that would probably be political suicide.

Here is the IPCC take on energy price elasticity;

The effect of energy taxes depends on energy price elasticity, that is the
percent change in energy demand associated with each 1%
change in price. In general, residential energy price elasticities
are low in the richest countries. In the UK, long-run price
elasticity for the household sector is only –0.19 (Eyre, 1998), in
the Netherlands –0.25 (Jeeninga and Boots, 2001) and in Texas
only –0.08 (Bernstein and Griffin, 2005).

I should note that it is a clear understanding of this equation that has caused the Europeans to try cap and trade to achieve their CO2 reduction goals. This is a kind of hidden tax with many disadvantages. But its biggest advantage is that it isn't called a tax. I think we are already seeing the problem however. If they set the targets low enough to have a significant effect, then they wind up backing down. But cap and trade is a discussion for another time.

Some make the argument that a tax would spur development of technologies that would get us some or all of the rest of the way. It certainly would cause some substitution of more expensive non carbon producing energy. This is a part of the long term elasticity, which is probably somewhat higher than the studies quoted above would indicate. I don't know that there is any evidence that it would cause the alternatives to get cheaper. Perversely it could have the opposite effect as the incentive to make alternatives less expensive would be reduced.

But even assuming that we could impose this carbon tax, and it did over time achieve the desired result in the US, it would have almost no effect on global emissions. After all this wouldn't slow CO2 output anywhere else. To make matters worse it is likely that a good portion of the reduction in the US would be achieved by exporting CO2 output to other countries. To be effective a carbon tax would need to be global in addition to being very large.

Some have proposed solving this portion of the problem by taxing imports from countries that don't tax carbon at least as high as we do. This has three problems. It is unworkable, it would likely cause a trade war, and it won't achieve the objective. (In the following paragraphs I use China as a proxy for the entire developing world.)

It is unworkable because there is no way of knowing the energy content of something being imported. Would we have a giant bureaucracy that assesses every item from every "non-compliant" country? How could they know whether the energy for a particular product was from a produced at a Chinese coal plant, or from Three Rivers Dam? If they don't differentiate then where is the incentive for China to use clean power, it is just an import tariff on Chinese goods. So China would still want to produce goods using the cheapest possible power. I guess we could assess China's overall CO2 output per unit of energy and hit every product based on our estimate of the amount of power it takes to produce. But that provides no incentive for energy efficiency, and it does provide a lot of incentive for obfuscation and argument. And we would have to make these types of judgments for every country, and every product. It is hard to imagine anyone thinking that this is practical.

The likely effect of this type of policy would be a trade war. The countries hit by this "energy tax" would view it as a tariff. Even among countries that think a tax is a good idea there would be endless arguments over the right amount of tax for various energy inputs. In retaliation they would impose tariffs on US goods and investments etc. For the results of this take a look at Great Depression in Wikipedia.

Finally it wouldn't achieve the objective. Even if China quietly accepted our tariff it wouldn't cause them to emit less CO2 it would just increase the costs of imports. We aren't China's only market and if their other customers don't coordinate then we wouldn't have that much influence. In fact the history of these kinds of things is that other countries would use this to gain advantage in the Chinese market.

Some have commented on the fact that things like VAT on imported items have been imposed without issue. There are two fundamental differences between a VAT and a carbon tax. First VAT is imposed based on the type of item not on the inputs to the manufacturing of the item. Second VAT on imports normalizes a tax regime relative to domestic products rather than penalizing foreign products.

The fact that VAT is based on the type of item is a crucial difference. When the item is coming into the country it is easy to see if it is a car, or clothing, or furniture. So it is feasible to determine the amount of tax that needs to be charged to normalize it with products manufactured domestically. In contrast there is no way to tell the amount of carbon that was output in the manufacture of a particular type of product, and so no reasonable way to impose a carbon tax on that item.

Without the ability to tax based on the carbon input to a particular item, which is the whole point of a carbon tax, we are left with the idea of taxing everything from a foreign supplier based on some conceptual level of carbon used in their manufacturing processes. We could then try to distinguish between the energy inputs on various categories of products, and tax them based on that concept. But at the end you are left with what is essentially a tariff on products from that country. Presumably you would be willing to negotiate the tariff lower based on your conclusion about their progress on carbon intensity, but this is much more political than economic.

In the end what you are trying to do is to get them to implement a carbon tax so that you will remove a burdensome import tariff. Trying to change the political and economic decisions in other countries using tariffs is essentially economic warfare. The long run outcome is very uncertain, and in the short run is likely to cause tariffs to be imposed in response with negative consequences.

I also comment that the VAT on imports doesn't have the same effect as a tariff politically because it is seen as creating a level playing field between imported and domestic products. As long as the same VAT is applied to domestic products of a similar type, then the foreign country is unlikely to feel the need to retaliate. This is a different response to a tariff where the foreign products are put at a disadvantage to domestic products.

One commenter brought up something like the Green Dot system which started in Germany. Again the difference is that at the time of importation it is easy to monitor compliance. Whether something is packaged, and has paid a tax or fee based on that packaging is quite obvious. There would be no equivalent way to know that amount of carbon used to produce and transport the same product.

There are many taxes and regulations on imported products in many countries. On automobiles The US has certain smog regulations which don't exist other places as well safety regulations. Again this are possible to impose because the item being imported can be inspected to determine whether it meets the regulation.

So then in summary we are extremely unlikely to impose a tax high enough to achieve the eighty percent goal in any useful time frame. Even if we do this will achieve nothing unless it is coordinated globally which is even less likely. A carbon tax is a good idea to achieve small reductions in the US output of CO2. As a policy for stopping dangerous greenhouse warming it will not be effective.

So what should we do? Try to minimize how much we put in while we achieve the crucial task of finding a way to get the CO2 out of the atmosphere. I will write more about that in my next post.

80% Is the Number

That is how much CO2 emissions would have to be reduced just to stabilize atmospheric carbon dioxide at current levels. The reason is that CO2 stays in the atmosphere for a very long time after we put it there. Quoting from the AR4 physical basis page 824;

"While more than half of the CO2 emitted is currently removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO2 remains in the atmosphere for many millennia. Because of slow removal processes, atmospheric CO2 will continue to increase in the long term even if its emission is substantially reduced from present levels."

The eighty percent figure does not appear directly, but can be interpolated from the graphs at the bottom of page 824.

What this means is that reducing CO2 output by less than eighty percent simply moves the peak atmospheric level forward in time assuming that humans wind up burning all the fossil fuels they can get to. (There are various international mechanisms that might keep this total down, but I am pessimistic about their implementation in relevant time frames as I will discuss in other posts.)

Based on my informal surveying I find that this figure is not understood by most people, yet it is critical to our understanding of the issue. Governments in developed countries are already straining in discussing figures like fifty percent cuts in thirty or fifty years. Developing countries are currently not even discussing restricting their growth rates, let alone reducing from current levels. Simple math shows that there is no possible way for this to result in an eighty percent reduction in current output anywhere in the foreseeable future. Instead it would seem just stabilizing output at current levels or even somewhat higher levels on a global basis will be challenging.

Once people understand the eighty percent figure most realize that the currently proposed approaches to solving the issue are completely unrealistic. We need to accept this and implement policies that could actually achieve the objective of lowering atmospheric CO2 levels which will certainly get higher before we can start reducing them.

At this point I believe the only possible way to reduce atmospheric CO2 is to come up with solutions that pull it back out of the atmosphere. All alternatives that achieve this need to be explored. Of course breakthroughs in low cost energy production will help reduce the size of this task.